Social Class in to Kill a Mockingbird

There are many different social classes in â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird. † The factors that separate people into these social classes are their skin color and their occupation. For example, Atticus, Scout, and Jem are part of the highest social class. They are part of this social class because Atticus is a lawyer, which makes him a highly respected person in the community. He is also white, which, at that time was a very important factor that chose who belonged in what social class. Scout and Jem are his children and therefore are also part of this social class. Another person in this same social class is Miss Maudie Atkinson.She grew up with the Finch’s and is an old friend of theirs. She is now Atticus’s neighbor and is loved by his children. Aunt Alexandra is also part if this because she is known as the â€Å"perfect example of what a southern lady should act like. † She is part of the Finch’s family and is highly respected by the community. One of the very important rules of belonging in this social class is to treat white people with lesser status kindly. It is an unwritten rule that white people with a higher social class than other white people must be hospitable and treat them with respect.An example of this is when Walter Cunningham is invited by Jem to come over for dinner. When Scout notices Walter using a lot of gravy during dinner she is rude to him and as a result is punished by Calpurnia. The reason for this is because Walter is of a lower class and was invited to eat with Atticus and his family. As a result, it is rude not to let him do and eat what he wants to. An example of a person who is in the next social class is Mrs. DuBose. She is a nasty women and one of the factors that hints that she is not part of the higher social class is the way she talks to her community members.She is supposed to be kind and respectful to the white people of Maycomb, like Jem. Even though she is nice to Atticus, she talks badly about him behind his back. That is not a quality that a person of a high status would have. Therefore, she isn’t part of that social class. The next social class is the poor, yet respectable white people. The Cunningham’s are in this class because even though they are poor, they manage to live their life by borrowing money and paying back the money borrowed with items from the farm instead of money. Under them are theEwell’s, who are poor and disgusting. They are completely rude and so are their children, but they are still in a higher social class than black people since they are white. The next social class is wealthy or middle-class black people. Calpurnia is a part of this class and only is for the reason that she is black. She has all the qualities of a good southern lady, and has perfect manners. She is respected and in good relations with the Finch family. Calpurnia would be in the same social class as Atticus Finch if she weren’t black. Another p erson who is in this class is Reverend Sykes.He met Jem and Scout in church and showed how much he respected them and their father for defending the Tom Robinson case. He welcomed them and was very friendly, therefore in the same class as Calpurnia. The last social class is the poor and black people. Lula is in this social class. She is disgraceful to the black people and her motto is that the black people should stick to own community and the white should stay with there’s. She was harsh and shallow to someone who is of her kind (Calpurnia) and she was harsh to two innocent kids just because they are white. There is a very interesting relationship between the white people and black.The majority of the black people is more mature and has much more class. They accept themselves and their status. They accept how they don’t get credit for all their work. They accept always having the worse of things, like the First Purchase church, which is a very beaten down church. They accept not getting an education with barely any complaints. No matter how much they tolerate, the white people cannot stand them at all and are so afraid of the truth because it means going against a white person’s word. The fact that white people don’t treat white people equally contributes greatly to the way the social classes are separated.

Define the rule of the employers during the Industrial revolution

At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, employers were in virtually complete control of their employees and employees lives’. Government intervention to make the work place safe would not occur for several decades and factories were little more than slave shops under a different term. Typically, employees would have no rights at all regarding their employment and were forced to work in deplorable conditions: factories with insufficient light and unsafe work conditions. Many had no ventilation and were fire hazards because of the combustible materials that were used. Employees were forced to work long hours based on production needs and no thought was given to employee health or well-being. In many instances, the employer would create company towns in the region near their factories. The company would own all houses, markets and goods in the community. The company would then charge exorbitant rates for rent, food and goods making it virtually impossible for employees to get ahead. In many cases, the employee would work for a year only to owe the company money at the end of the year. This was done as a means to keep people from moving to other factories or other communities.   In addition, the law allowed people to be sent to prison for their debts and the debts of the parents to be passed on to the children, so often several generations of a family would be virtually enslaved by their employer. Wages that were paid were insufficient for a family to be fed and often parents and children worked in these sweatshops as a method of maintaining the family life. Children did not attend school or have any hope of a better life as they were sent in to the factories at very young ages. Women were often forced to leave children at home with an older sibling while they worked or were unable to work at all because of an infant or toddler in the home. Very young children placed a severe burden on the family because of the loss of wages and many children were abandoned to state-run orphanages in hopes that they would end up in a better life or to simply prevent a drag on the family’s income. This was not a benevolent dictatorship. The employer often ruled with an iron-fist and lived in the lap of luxury while his employees died of disease and malnutrition brought on by his greed. Employers were also allowed without repercussion to discipline employees as they saw fit and often took great liberties with female employees who were afraid of losing their jobs if they did not comply. Employers profited greatly during this time because labor was plentiful and they could make it cheap. Employers did not provide health care or disability for employees hurt or killed on the job.   Instead, the financial burden on their families was increased by the lack of income. And, people were hurt or maimed regularly by substandard equipment and poor conditions. Another favorite tactic on employers early in the Industrial Revolution was to pay people according to the number of pieces that they could produce.   This was yet another manner of ruling with an iron fist. Employers could assign employees to good machines, which produced fast and accurate pieces, or old and worn out machines at their discretion. Young people had an advantage of being able to work faster and often would have made better wages, except that employers seized on the idea that children had fewer responsibilities and used this as an excuse to pay children less even though they were expected to carry the workload of an adult. Children who failed were often beaten. During the American Civil War, proponents of slavery pointed out the inequities in the system and argued that Southern landowners often treated their slaves better than many employers treated their employees. They argued that a slave owner saw his slave as an investment and valued its contribution to his success and a business owner viewed his employees as an endless, replaceable commodity and took no personal responsibility for their safety, health or well-being. What is and was the right of existence for the unions? The UK was not initially a good place for unions to be. In 1799 and 1800, British Prime Minister William Pitt had a pair of acts passed called the combination acts which made it illegal for people to band together to try to get shorter working hours or more pay. Then, in 1817 Parliament against acted, this time making it illegal for a group of more than 50 people to meet together and order the arrest of anyone accused of spreading seditious libel, any untoward remarks regarding the Parliament or the Crown.   This severely hampered efforts for parliamentary reform as people were afraid to speak out. Two years later, nearly 50,000 people gathered at St. Peter’s Field to hear subversive, pro-union newspaper editors and other union leaders talk about the need for reform and the local magistrate, backed by the British Army, attacked, purportedly in an effort to arrest one of the speaks. Several accounts say many of the soldiers were drunk when they attacked the crowd with their sabres. As a result, Parliament instituted the Six Acts, which expanded the definitions of seditious libel and allowed permanent ceasing of a publication as means of punishment. It also changed the newspaper and stamp act so that even publications of purely opinion were subjected to the tax and provided local authorities with the right to seize people and arms accused of participating in a union gathering. In 1824, the combination acts were repealed and met with a national outbreak of strikes, resulting in Parliment's decision to pass a new combination act in 1835. This was the first significant legislation o legalize trade unions, though it made their scope very narrow. Trade unions could meet and discuss working conditions and pay only. Any other activities were considered a criminal conspiracy to restrict trade. The law also forbade unions from doing anything to obstruct or intimidate others. This was viewed as problematic as it gave the judiciary an unprecedented leeway in determining what activities violated the law. The act remained the law of the land until 1867 when Benjamin Disraeli and others banded together to have the law changed so that a striking union could be charged only with breach of contract and the government in power created the Trade Union Congress. Though calls to allow a union member into the Congress were rejected, the move proved to be an advancement in the cause of unionism. Four years later, the government finally made trade unions legal. In 1875 when Disraeli was named Prime Minister, as promised, he passed legislation making it legal for a union to do anything that an individual could do. This began the age of unionism and in 1880, Parliament passed legislation making management and employers responsible for the safety and well-being of the employees as long as their injury was not the result of actions by fellow workers. In 1906, legislation as passed to prevent employers from suing unions when they had a loss of income as a result of a strike and in 1913 legislation made it clearly legal for the labor unions to contribute to the political party of their choice as determined by union leadership. In 1927, legislation was passed to prevent civil servants from joining unions affiliated with the Trade Union Congress and outlawed the use of sympathetic strikes and general strikes. That is, with minor revision, the state of the trade labor union today. On which roles does the Globalization of the economy depend? Globalization of the economy is a tricky business and highly dependent on the ability of workers and employers to adapt to the changing international labor market and the changing role of the industrialized world in the age of technology. There has been some effort made within the last two years to update the trade union system and encourage union modernization so that the workers can quickly be retrained with skills more appropriate to the emerging labor market. As with other parts of the world, the concern among trade unions is that jobs traditionally left to them are now being outsourced to cheaper labor environments worldwide. If we are to adjust to this availability of cheap labor elsewhere, we must do so by changing the way we look at labor unions and evaluating the new markets that could be the modern labor frontiers. One example of this might be to examine computer workers and administrative positions traditionally viewed as white collar work. These areas are the new growth industries and in recent years, the site of the most abuse of employees. In addition, these more advanced positions have traditionally had to negotiate salaries for themselves resulting in huge disparities person to person and based on gender, age, and other discriminatory factors. For globalization to work the economy must be revitalizes and the United Kingdom must adjust its perceptions at home and abroad about the things that it will produce. No longer will mining and textiles be a major portion of the economy. Instead, if we are to accept our part in a global economy, we must identify new areas in which we can develop an unrivaled expertise and global reliance. In a 2005 report, HM Treasury argued that the UK is in an unrivaled position worldwide to make the most of globalization in that we have the economic and trading ties to the entire world. In addition, we have a strong business, technology and macroeconomic base from which to begin our quest. Not only must we train employees in the fast-growing areas of technology which will present the best opportunity for our people, but we must also reward innovation and creativity. The report calls for the support of workers who need to be retrained to join the global economy and the wise and efficient use of energy and resources as a means to prevent reliance on other countries for our energy needs. Most importantly, we must rely on the well-established international trade that helped build and strengthen the economy in the first place. It is vitally important that the country not turn to isolationism as a manner of dealing with the threat of international competition. The problem is that many people promote the idea of protectionism as a way to avoid the international competition, but we know that this approach will only lead to a need to rejoin the world economy at a later date when we are less strong and able to do so. We must move forward now and implement change instead of hiding from it. What is mundialism or anti globalization? Mundialism is the process of building interconnected word governing bodies rather than integrating the existing nation-states into an interdependent global world. Proponents of mundialism argue that entities such as the International Court and a one-world government should be created rather than relying on the concept of nation-states. Mundalism promoted the concept that what is right for the world as a whole is right for the individual citizens and the individual nations of the world. It argues that by working together for the common good, we can overcome economic, social and ideological differences for the betterment of all humankinds. Anti-globalization can encompass a number of different policies, but largely it is the idea that the governments, economies and societies of the world should not be interdependent and that they should remain separate by distinct barriers including borders and cultural boundaries. Anti-globalization proponents are perhaps the most extreme opponents of mundialism. They believe that the world is already too interconnected and that it would be better if we could simply draw the curtains up around our countries and keep the rest of the world argue. Many argue that the world can never be as interdependent as promoted by mundialism and that it will always be divided by was and ideology. The idea, they say, is that human nature is competitive and that we cannot make all faiths and all political viewpoints get along. Some would even argue that the only way that mundialism could work would be with a strong world ruler, that someone would have to get the final deciding vote on right and wrong. Mundialism supporters argue that if the nation’s of the world all expressed a true desire to work together in harmony the major strife points of the world could be eliminated and wars and border disputes could end. Anti-globalization proponents call that pie in the sky nonsense. There will always be a competition for resources and for power. Those without it will strive for it via any means necessary and those who have it will seek to retain it. Somewhere in there middle is where we actually are. There are some world organizations, like the International Criminal Court and there are some opponents to those organizations, like the United States. There are growing disputes worldwide over everything from economic gain to religion to claiming the land that sits beneath the polar icecaps. And, neither theory adequately addresses what should be done about global problem areas like Rwanda and Darfur, places where the massacres keep happening, the land is destroyed and the people are unable to subsist, much less contribute to a world economy. Describe the Trade union s structure and state why the unions are losing members. Trade unions are designed to be very specific in their membership and then are loosely affiliated with the Trade union Congress. However, this specialization is contributing to the decline of the unions and the loss of members nationally. Unions are supposed to be local, with members choosing a regional representative to speak to the specific concerns of their company or community. Then, the locals are affiliated with a national organization which is in turn affiliated with the national congress. But in recent years, with declining employment in regions once covered by the trade unions, even the largest of the unions are beginning to shrink or disappear entirely.   This is a factor of the changing work environment within the UK, as more and more people are working in quasi-professional positions not covered by the trade unions. Furthermore, even locally, unions do not represent the universal political opinions that they once did. Neighbors now may agree on matters of union employment, but have vastly different opinions with regards to national politics and how the union should be influencing them. This diversity in the union has caused a loss of political power and a loss of interest within the membership. In addition, the major concern facing trades people in 2007 is not something the union can do much to change.   Unions have had little impact in corporate decisions to close factories or move operations to other nations where the labor costs are more favorable. The days of the union being able to protect its workers and provide for a safer work environment, better benefits and a happier way of life are gone, Instead, the unions continue to take dues from members, reducing their overall take home pay, but add no benefits. The days of the sweatshop are long gone and virtually every worked is provided the same protections under the law that a union worker can get in a union shop.   That is not to say that the union has outlived its usefulness, but rather that unions have accomplished their original goals of workplace safety and equal treatment for workers. If unions seriously want to reverse the trend of losing membership, they must realize that they play an important role in the globalization process and update themselves to meet that need. Unions must be actively involved in retraining workers and helping them to find new means of gainful employment.   Unions must work in conjunction with business to find better ways to improve global competitiveness and to make employers understand the value of well-educated, highly-trained workers over cheap labor in an unregulated state.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 192

Assignment Example Thus, designers such as Dior Homme, Raf Simons and Thom Browne started the slim-fit trend to accommodate this shift in clothing culture. Brand also played a huge role in shifting clothing customer preference. As the shift to slim-fit clothing was started by high-end fashion designers, consumers felt compelled to follow this changing trend due to the prestige and loyalty they owed to the brand. With this saw the rise in sales of slim-fit clothing in America. Being market leaders in the fashion world, other designers followed suit as competition is an essential component in coming up with a products marketing plan (Perruault, 154). Retailers and clothing wholesalers were soon in competition in marketing this new fashion trend and saw the slim-fit style being replicated across all men’s clothing, from suits to polo shirts. The result of this style shift was products being snugger to big-bodied men. Big-bodied men ended up being alienated. The consequence of this was the creation of a whole new market segment. Designers, retailers and wholesalers could produce slim-fitting products that are marketed to muscled or big-bodied consumers. Market decision making is largely influenced by the product. A marketing plan would try and differentiate a product in order to reach a larger segment of the market. Retailers such as Ralph Lauren with their Polo brand offers custom fit polo shirts which are roomier amid their array of slim-fit polo shirts. Most retailers are currently trying to produce clothing that is slim-fitting but roomy. The market movement by large retailers and wholesalers indicates the potential growth in sales they can experience in marketing slim-fit clothing to big-bodied consumers. The  efforts of these retailers to offer slim-fit clothing options may be hampered by efforts of high-end designers such as Calvin Klein. The fashion icon has in recent years tried to bring voluminous clothes back in fashion. This

Defining Marketing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Defining Marketing Paper - Essay Example Marketing, when broadly defined, means the process of making a product sell by attracting customers. However, this definition would be incomplete. I define marketing as – Any activity that leads to the delivery of a product to the right people, which is done keeping market needs in mind. The aim is to be able to connect with consumers, to make a social impact and in turn, cultivate a long term association between a company and its consumers through the products, ultimately to make profits and run the business. Perreault, Cannon and McCarthy define marketing as – ...the performance of activities that seek to accomplish an organization's objectives by anticipating customer or client needs and directing a flow of need-satisfying goods and services from producer to customer or client† (2011, p.7). From this definition, it is apparent that the aim of marketing is to assess the needs of the customers and satisfy those needs through goods and services. As per the America n Marketing Association's definition of marketing, it is – ...the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large (Kotler and Keller, 2012, p. 4). By and large, these two definitions of marketing mean the same. However, in the second definition, a social aspect is added (â€Å"society at large†). For the success of any business, the selling of a product or service is vital. The entire purpose is to sell something. While the right kind of marketing results in an upsurge of product sales, bad marketing may result in negative publicity. The wrong kind of marketing may also lead to an irreversible damage to the image of the company and its relationship with customers. An example of good marketing or a good marketing strategy is that of Herbal Essences. The hair care products marketed by the company are targeted at a specific age group â€⠀œ young women. The product names as well as the bright colors of the packages are attention grabbing. The packaging and naming itself explains the purpose of the product. For instance, the aqua blue colored â€Å"Hello Hydration† product (Perreault, Cannon and McCarthy, 2011). Customers are encouraged to buy shampoo and conditioner bottles together through the clever use of matching and curvy packaging. The company also seeks eye level placement in retail stores. The online, television and print advertising purports a â€Å"mythical quality† to highlight the organic origin of the product. With the help of a Facebook Fan page and a customer review page on its website, the company has also been successful in connecting with its customers. The marketing mix strategized by the company has been successful in increasing the sales of the company (Perreault, Cannon and McCarthy, 2011). The company's marketing strategy led to the delivery of the product to the right people. An other example that can be used to illustrate the definition of marketing is that of Dove. The social aspect of marketing can be exemplified here. While Dove earlier used models whom the mainstream considered â€Å"beautiful†, it moved on to a new approach in which it projected that every woman is beautiful. This was a result of a moral problem that Dove's Marketing Director underwent when her daughter suffered

Management Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Management Accounting - Assignment Example At this moment, the strategies that are to be applied in this case are related to the performance of the company are no longer connected to the profitability of the company (Shaffer, 23). Thus, as the strategy to compare overhead costs and overall productivity of the company, it is clear that the company is operating at net loss and strategies should aim at reducing the burden on operating losses. Thus, a strategy to increase performance would consider cutting back on losses an improvement plan. Following the calculations below, the performance of the company depends on the use of available resources in the production of pipes. Based on the cost of raw material and the units produced it is clear that non-overhead costs remained the same at $0.15 considering 10,000,000 feet of pipe costing $1,500,000 and/or 6,000,000 feet costing $900,000. If the company is to trade the new batch of pipes at $0.35, then the company would be gaining $0.1 as profit for every foot of pipe sold. Based on the table below, decreasing the price of the pipes would be the best decision for the company to cut back on losses and acquire an economies of scale strategy. There are various levels of costs involved in the case of Riverside Hotel. These involve fixed, variable, and sunk costs. In terms of the fixed costs, all overhead costs are fixed and include the cost of acquiring the equipment for preparing meals, the premises, power, and heat. Specifically, one of the fixed overhead costs include the price of the oven which is priced at $20,000. On the other hand, non-overhead costs include the price of the salad which is $1 and the prime rib which costs $7. The fixed price of the prime rib and the salad make up the cost of materials. However, for every meal made, the used ingredients add up to the final price. In this case, the price of making dinner using the prime rib and salad is fixed at $8 assuming that there is no labor, equipment, and power

Why I believe NBC's new show, The Blacklist, is the number one show on Essay

Why I believe NBC's new show, The Blacklist, is the number one show on television - Essay Example In December 2013, NBC renewed the show by ordering a twenty two episode second season. The Blacklist has been able to utilize its marketing strengths to position itself in the market. In the entertainment industry, particularly the film and series sector, marketing is a challenging and dynamic function of business. Fortunately, the issue of marketing and positioning was not challenging because of the brilliance of the actors, scriptwriters and producers of the show. The series is able to capture the mood of its audience, in addition to using the popular actors such as Boone and Spader.2 The star power and sly wit of the lead actor Mr. Spader has helped The Blacklist to become a top rated new television crime and drama show. The Voice, which preceded The Blacklist, was able pull 12 million viewers for the new show. The Blacklist did not have a problem looking for a new audience. The show only had to satisfy the entertainment needs of the 12 million viewers.3 A range of factors played a crucial role in the marketing and positioning success of The Blacklist. The creators of the show were strategic about the factors they could control. The producers made wide ranging decisions that helped in the marketing of the show. From the production and casting of the main actors to the scope of the show, the creators made strategic decisions that would contribute to the marketing success of the show. One of the marketing strategies used by the creators was to use Mr. Spader as the lead actor. He injected humor that was not prominent in the written dialogues. Mr. Spader also helped in the invention of exciting words such as â€Å"the blacklist†. Word play and humor helped in taking off the edge, in addition to eliminating any potential accusations of melodrama. The positioning strategy that the creators and NBC executives used was pairing the show with The Voice. The Voice attracted an average viewership of approximately 15 million viewers. With the

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Art - Essay Example He had stated the same six years earlier, in his rather personal manifesto in the catalogue of his 1855 exhibition: To word, to make a living art, that is my aim.’ This is a very important idea that artists must contend with in the contemporary world since it’s the basis of pop art. Secondly, Pop Art was created in New York and London, and its view is on the very special world of the mid-twentieth-century metropolis. Unmistakably, Pop is rooted in the urban environment. Additionally, Pop looks at special aspects of that environment which because of their associations and cultural level seemed impossible as subjects of art. These included: comics and picture magazines, the world of popular entertainment, Hollywood movies, pop music and fairgrounds; consumer durables, foodstuffs and even money. Thirdly, pop artists treat this subject matter in a special manner. For instance, they insist that a soup can or comic strip is simply a ‘motif, an excuse for a painting, like an apple in a still-life by Cezanne. Roy Lichtenstein, for instance has said before that: ‘Once I am involved with the painting I think of it as an abstraction. Half the time, they are upside down anyway when I work.’ On the contrary, while in a Cezanne the motif is a familiar one, and it’s easy for the viewer to ignore it and focus on the formal qualities of the painting, in Pop Art this motif is by no means familiar and thus strongly engages the viewer’s attention (Rubin 162). Not only is the motif new, its presentation was startlingly literal and looked more like the real thing than ever before in art’s history. The outcome was a kind of art combining the abstract and the figurative in a new way. It was realism, though done in the full knowledge of all that happened i n modern art since the time of Courbet. The next part of the discussion focuses on the major Pop artists, namely Roy

Investment Promotion ( Jordan ) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Investment Promotion ( Jordan ) - Case Study Example Multinational corporations are often motivated to invest in foreign countries because these locations have lower regulations which reduce compliance costs. Another reason to invest in a foreign country is to take advantage of lower materials costs. Often companies choose to establish a physical presence in a foreign country to take advantage of the demand for their product in the domestic marketplace. For instance if a country has a high demand for electronics, but the local producers are not satisfying the demand it makes sense for an electronics company to establish a physical presence in that country to exploit the business opportunity. Another reason companies penetrate certain international locations is due to governmental incentives and tax shelters. The presence of free trade agreements with the United States persuades many manufactures to operate in countries that offer these types of benefits. One of the most attractive features that Middle East countries provide to companies looking to invest in this region is a high availability of cheap labor. Due to the high employment rate in the region a company that establishes itself in the Middle East would not have any problem recruiting workers since thousands of people would apply for jobs. Jordan in particular offers several advantages to companies. Jordan offers preferential tax treatment to companies that invest in certain industries. If a company invests in rural or remote areas of Jordan the government offers a 75% tax exemption for a ten year period. Companies that invest in the Amman region are eligible for a 25% tax exemption for a ten year period. The Jordan government offers new investors a duty free privilege on imported equipment. Jordan is a particularly attractive location for U.S. investors. The Jordan-U.S. Free Trade Agreement eliminated tariffs on some Jordanian goods exported to the United States. In order fo r this benefit to

Marketing transportation homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Marketing transportation homework - Essay Example 2. The two logistic activities that I have settled on include the communication and the transaction processing in companies. The internet has influenced these sectors to a large extent, some being positive while others negative. For instance, communication has been improved and the presence of smart phones has enhanced even attendance in meetings without the presence of an individual. The transactions that exist and occur in businesses has developed to be online. Some issues like theft have come up as many individuals are lured into believing that the sellers are genuine while in real sense are being duped. These issues are quite surprising as one gets to realize that, just like any other solution, the internet has its demerits too. 3. There are many macro level challenges that have come up as a result of technological advancements. For instance, lack of good record keeping due to lack of attending meetings, the opposition to technological development faced by the managers from the employees. The other challenge includes the introduction of more portable devices yet this makes the information more insecure as the level of being prone to theft is much higher and increased. 1. The corporate level strategy is aimed at overseeing the management of the company, the objectives and aims of the business and the type of business in the company. The strategic level plays the role of intermediaries between the business and the managers. They develop strategies and match the needs with the people who will perform the functions to attain the goals of the company. The functional level is where the real work is done. This is the section whereby the logistics and calculations are performed in terms of the objectives of the company. 2. Logistic strategy is not directly connected to the corporate strategy but is influenced through the strategies of the business

If the First World War was the war to end all wars, why was there a Essay

If the First World War was the war to end all wars, why was there a Second World War so soon after the First - Essay Example The first World War crippled the whole country of France and this once powerful nation demanded retribution, but they pushed it to the very limits of establishing one of the primary causation factors of the Second World War. From a realist perspective, it is in the normal aspectual realm to assume that because France was so depleted economically and politically, the feeling was one of a sense of hopelessness throughout that country (Aldcroft 1997). Therein lies the reasoning by France to demand some form of compensation from Germany in order to regroup and rebuild her lands. The compromises that France wished Germany to make were beyond rationalization, from the Germans perspective of the political issues. The supposed peace ‘The Treaty of Versailles’ was implied to have brought did nothing more than incite rage and fuel the flames of retaliation from the Germans. In actuality, there never really was a period of substantial rest between these historic wars. What did appear to be present, in the literary sense, was a prevalence of disdain and lack of trust from the Germans, in relation to France and her harsh implications. This lack of stability affected the whole European continent. These are some of the literary points that will be researched and theorized in this paper. It will look into the vast reasons why there was a part II of the first World War and what was the main factors leading to it. Three perspectives will be attempted to be intertwined into this literary work which are the: realistic, liberal, and Marxist theorizations that will give the causes as to how, why and what lead to the provocation of the Second World War. It was in 1946 that two main political speaker’s theorizations on the cause of WWII were openly acknowledged. Stalin and Churchill both had ideas into the causation of the Second World War, both holding similarities and differences at the same time. Perhaps this was due to one perspective being a UK

Business Communication - My Role Model in Career Essay Example for Free

Business Communication My Role Model in Career Essay Mr. Mahbub Hossain, my line manager of my previous office, is my role model for my career path. He is the CSM (Customer Service Manager)of Joydebpur branch, Brac Bank LTD. In brief, he is getting MBA from IBA along with his job. Was graduated from DU (Finance), prior that he took places in both HSC SSC examinations. As I worked with him, I found many good qualities in him. By times, I took him as a role model as his qualities impressed me. I am going to point out two of them which is leadership quality and secondly, quick decision (appropriate) making ability. As I have seen him closely, I found all the qualities that a leader should have. He guided the team successfully to achieve the organizational goal. He teamed us up too strongly cheered us to act spontaneously to meet up the goals. He used to take initiatives for cheering us up. So that we never been tired in meeting our business targets. Theory says, a leader has to have seven qualities, but I found more in him. Out of the theoretical ones, his friendly caring attitude made us believe that we are not only team players, even more than that. Personal recognitions helped a lot to follow his leadership willingly, not only for his designation. His interpersonal communication skill ability of finding out team members strength or weakness made him a successful leader. I found him always remain calm in critical situations and controlled tactfully. Always stand with subordinates against all odds (from outside) is remarkable. His keen knowledge and prompt decision making ability is an effective quality for any career. I always found him deciding with the best option. Some of his effective decisions saved potential losses. He even made critical decisions over the phone in instant. His knowledge on current issues, updating about the recent changes made him up to this standard. We people learn from the surrounding. I passed a long time with Mr. Mahbub inside as well outside of our office. I try to adapt these two qualities in me. I wish to be a leader like him as my team members also think like that we are in a team, not like a orderer follower relation. To get leadership quality like him I try to spend more time with him. Whenever we meet, we share our ides. I am gathering theoretical data as I can even exceed his leadership quality. It was said, â€Å"Leaders are born, not made. † But recent studies proved that these leadership qualities can be developed to a great extent. I attended a training program at Briddhi with him (arranged by our organization), which was meant for mid level managers and up comers. Finding out colleges ability seems tough to me. I found this as my area of developments. At any stage of career I should be prompt in making quick decisions with accuracy. As I said just ago, I discuss about every issue with him. If there is any situation I have to decide anything at once, I let him know about the issue and exchange ideas for improvement scopes. Knowledge gathering is a key to professional success. Thats why, I get myself admitted MBA here. I am studying here with hope, I can implement these theoretical knowledge at my workplace. I read a lot of articles written on banking FI (Financial Institutes). Current issues mostly published on web or newspapers. For making myself up to date about, I go through them. Internal circulars helps a lot to updating myself.

Types Of Small Business Structures Business Essay

Types Of Small Business Structures Business Essay Small businesses are normally privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships. Small business employs over half of the countrys workforce. While many people think that new industrial giants are the most important factor in driving the economy, but small business is actually in the top. Small business in all country has been the stabilizing force in the economy. Entrepreneurs are the backbone of creativity and production. Small business is what stimulates economic growth. Every country has its own criteria to separate small businesses from the larger ones Apart from number of employees other criteria for classifying a business as small are: Amount of capital employed Annual Sales turnover Value of assets Profits Types of Small Business  Structures Making the right decision about the legal and corporate structure of the business is critical to long-term success. How establishing the business will affect ownership rights, personal liability risks, and how operate the business. The following is a simple breakdown of some of the different types of business structures. 1.  Corporations Corporations are governed by a set of By laws, which are usually filed along with Articles of Incorporation. Corporations become a legal entity that owns itself. Corporations can have their own bank accounts, assets, and even secure financing. All tax-exempt nonprofit organizations must be incorporated 2.  Limited Liability Company (LLC) (also called Limited Liability Corporation) A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is sometimes also referred to as a Limited Liability Corporation, but the preferred term is Company. It is one of the simpler ways to start a business, and is becoming one of the most popular ways to structure a business. An LLC is not a corporation, but has some of the protection benefits that a fully incorporated business structure has. 3.  Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) An LLP is similar to a general partnership; however, in an LLP, each partner is not liable for the actions of other partners. If one partner dies, the LLP automatically ceases. There are many forms or partnerships that can be formed. 4.  Sole Proprietorships The sole proprietorship is the easiest way to form a business. It is subject to the fewest regulations of all business structures. For tax and legal purposes, the business is the owner. When the owner dies the business automatically ceases. Starting a Business Identify Your Business Opportunity: Choosing what kind of business to start can be an immobilizing task when confronted with the multitude of opportunities. Its important to determine where the passions lie. Yet, equally important is what skills you bring to the table and whether you are entering a dying industry or a fast growing emerging business. Build a Business Plan: For any start-ups, a business plan allows you to gain a better understanding of your industry structure, competitive landscape, and the capital requirements of starting a small business. Find Start-up Money: To start a business, you must invest in the business. The journey of finding start up funds will be different for each individual. Some start ups such as consulting, requires a few thousand to get a website and business cards whereas a retail store could need lots of money. Finding the money you need may come for a source you never thought of . Name Your Business: Whats in a business name? The right business name will help distinguish you from a sea of bland competitors, provide your customers with a reason to hire you, and aid in the branding of your company. Learn what you need to know to find a name for your business. Choose a Business Structure: Deciding on the structure of your business is not a decision to be taken lightly. Whether you choose the popular LLC, a sole proprietorship or form a corporation; your choice will have an impact on your business liability, fund-ability as well as taxes due. Dont worry over your ultimate business structure, because as your business evolves, so too, may your structure. Get Your Business License and Permits: Starting a small business requires the ordinary, yet necessary, paperwork and regulations. Depending on your chosen business structure, may need to register your business with the state authorities. Setting up your small business may require an employer identification number which is also used by state taxing authorities to identify businesses. Additional paperwork can entail sales tax licenses. Set Up Determine Your Business Location: One of the multitudes of tasks in starting a business is the setting up of your office. There are many steps in office set up including where to locate your office (home or office space), buying the necessary office equipment, designing your work space and getting supplies. Get Business Insurance: As a new small business owner, you have the responsibility to manage the risks associated with your business. Dont put your new start-up at risk without getting the proper small business insurance to protect your company in the event of disaster or litigation. Create an Accounting System: The accounting and bookkeeping aspect of running your business cant be avoided. Setting up your accounting will help you understand the financials of running a business . Advantages and disadvantages of small business This Following are the advantages and disadvantages of small businesses to their owner or operator as well as the economy in which they operate. Appropriate government policies to promote small businesses are also discussed. Advantage of the owner There is a relatively small amount of capital needed to start the businesses. This is a very strong point as banks might not be willing to lend large amounts of money to businesses that are new. These businesses are good for those people who have experience in a field but do not have an adequate amount of resources. These resources of production could be land, labor, capital and enterprise. Enterprise is the risk taking ability of the owner. Small businesses give the owner the freedom to choose the way they want to work, the office hours, when to take breaks during the day or when to take a day off. The entrepreneur has complete right over the profit. He does not have to share it with other, unlike large public limited companies which have to give out the profits to a large number of shareholders in the form of dividends. Entrepreneurs own business motivates him to work harder as he takes all the profits and is Advantages of the Economy   Ã‚  They provide employment to a very large number of people. In some economies, they employ more than half of the total employees. They act as competitors to larger firms which will help improve their efficiency and lower the prices offered to the consumers. Small firms might come up with very innovative ideas which can lead to mass production of products and exports to foreign markets which has huge advantages for the economy. Most businesses start with being small. Therefore there is an enormous chance that small businesses of today might become the market leaders of tomorrow and provide greater benefits to the economy. Government Policies to Help Small Businesses The governments should offer lower amount of corporate taxes for small businesses. Most governments do that. Loans should be provided to these businesses which are free of interest or at very small rates of interest. Grants should be given to small businesses for operating in underdeveloped areas of the country with high unemployment The government should provide them satisfactory level of training so that the owners and employees could work more efficiently to make the business a success  [1]   The importance and benefits of small businesses Small businesses are vital to the success of the economy. Not only as they provide the success stories of the future, but also because they meet local needs. They serve the requirements of larger businesses. Being entrepreneurial simply means developing the right skills, attitudes and initiatives to make an innovative contribution to an organization. Small businesses survive and prosper for many different reasons: Developing personal relationships small businesses are well placed to build personal relationships with customers, employees, and suppliers. With a small business you know who you are dealing with; you can put a face to the person you are in contact with. Person-to-person interaction is as important as ever in building strong relationships. Responding flexibly to problems and challenges in a small business there is little hierarchy or chain of command. Large businesses may have set ways of operating and establish procedures that are hard to change. Small businesses are often far more flexible. It can also reach a quick decision on whether or not it can do what is required. Inventiveness and innovation small businesses are well positioned to introduce and develop new ideas. This is due to their owners not having to report or seek approval from anyone else. Low overheads due to the small scale of operation, small businesses have lower overhead costs. They operate in small premises with low heating and lighting costs, and limited rent and rates to pay. Low costs result in lower prices for consumers. Catering for limited or niche markets -large firms with high overheads must produce high levels of output to spread costs. By contrast, small firms are able to make a profit on much lower sales figures. They can therefore sell into much smaller markets: a local window cleaner serving a few hundred houses, a specialist jewellery maker with personal clients. The main reason many people choose to set up a small business, is because it gives them independence. They also reap the rewards for themselves; these are two powerful incentives Small businesses face the following problems Costs A study conducted by the National Federation of Independent Business reported in 2008 that the primary problem that business owners face is the expense of running the business. The inability to control some costs, including health insurance, energy bills and inflation, add stress to the business owners bottom line. In addition, the cost of paying employees, stocking inventory and basic overhead can create cash flow issues for the small business owner. Time Management Time management can become problematic for the owner of a small business. Small businesses often operate on a very tight budget, precluding the hiring of many employees. The owner is often faced with trying to manage and grow the business, while at the same time having to run the everyday operation. Small business owners can also find themselves so tied up in running the business that they dont take time to enjoy families, hobbies or other activities. Inflexibility Refusing to let go of an idea and move on to something else is a common problem for small business owners, according to the Nevada Appeal. For small business owners to succeed, it is important for them to be willing to think like an entrepreneur and explore many different ideas. Whether it is the need to change inventory, provide additional services or move to a new location, a small business owner must remain flexible if he wants his small business to succeed. Obtaining Credit Access to credit can be an issue for the small business owner, according to the Washington Post. A business line of credit can provide necessary cash flow during the start-up months. It can also ensure that the owner has the ability to fill the business with inventory and meet her payroll. A small business, however, will not always qualify for a large credit line, which can impede the owners ability to succeed. Employee Issues Small business owners often face a problem when it comes to hiring a workforce. Staffing enough workers to adequately cover the business needs without destroying the businesss profit margin can be a tricky process. Under capitalisation Poor debt management Lack of managerial skills of the owner Cannot retain experienced staff Usually find it difficult to attract skilled staff Poor stock management How can small business survive Small firms survive by being different (product differentiation). They can survive by Segmenting the market by income. They can target niche market segments of high income customers, position their product as a premium brand at a high premium price eg Morgan sports cars Small firms have the advantage of being able to respond quickly to change they do not have the bureaucratic procedures often a feature of large firms where decisions are made only after endless meetings. This means they can be quick to exploit new market trends. The Internet also allows small firms direct access to consumers, by passing intermediaries. The web gives small firms the opportunity of international marketing. Small independent firms can join together to form a buying group to negotiate discounts on joint orders. Small firms can survive by selecting a premium niche and offering an exclusive brand that exactly meets the customer requirements of their target segment. They will need to be totally customer orientated. Keep well documentation for  accounts receivable financing  when unexpected expenses arrive.  

Procedure of Performing Ankle Brachial Pressure Index

Procedure of Performing Ankle Brachial Pressure Index Description I accompanied the District Nursing Team on placement to a Doppler Clinic for patients referred by their GPs to be assessed for compression bandages. I was talked through the procedure of performing Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI), which required the following equipments: Hand-held Doppler ultrasound machine; 8 MHz probe (5 MHz probe if required for large or oedematous limbs); ultrasound transducer gel; sphygmomanometer and cuff and cling film/vapour-permeable film dressing or equivalent. I was then asked to carry out the task with another nurse. I washed my hands, put on my gloves and apron. I raised the bed to my level so I could reach him. Seeking her consent, I asked the patient to remove any tight articles of clothing, which may cause pressure on the blood vessels proximal to the site where the blood pressure is being measured. I measured the brachial systolic blood pressure by selecting a sphygmomanometer cuff of an appropriate size and wrapped it around the patients upper arm just above the elbow. I palpated the brachial pulse and applied ultrasound gel. I angled the Doppler probe at 45 degrees to the direction of the blood flow (towards the heart) and adjusted the position to locate the best signal. The Doppler emitted an audible signal and inflated the sphygmomanometer cuff until the signal disappeared. I then deflated the cuff slowly and recorded the pressure at which the signal returned. I repeated this procedure using the patients other arm. I continued this procedure in measuring the ankle systolic pressure by palpating the posterior tibial artery and that of either the anterior tibial or peroneal artery. I then used the higher of these two readings to calculate the ABPI using the following equation: ABPI = highest ankle systolic pressure/highest brachial systolic pressure. I then recorded and explained the results to the patients. I thanked the patient for her cooperation. Feelings Due to the fact that I had never completed a Doppler observation before, I felt extremely anxious and uneasy. These feelings were made greater as I became more aware of being judged; not only by my mentor and other nurses but also by the patients most of whom came with their spouses. I felt the pressure more as there were other patients waiting to be seen and taking up too much time may delay them. In spite of these, I preserved and completed the task. Evaluation Throughout this procedure I really concentrated and made sure no interruptions took place as I can miss the sphygmomanometer sounds. I actually couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t get the first sphygmomanometer sounds on my first attempt so I explained to the patient and gained permission again to take the recording to which she agreed, I felt self-conscious and nervous as I had missed the first sphygmomanometer sounds but very pleased when I did manage to get the recording a second time. I feel I have gained a learning skill. The more Doppler recordings I took made me soon realised that no two patients were the same. I also learned that different factors can affect blood pressure, from the patient rushing in late for his appointment which can lead to elevated blood pressure. It has also given me a lot of confidence in myself as I improved my communication skills. Analysis An ABPI is a simple non-invasive method of identifying arterial insufficiency within a limb. It compares the ankle and brachial systolic blood pressures. A slight drop in the blood pressure in the legs can be an indicator of peripheral vascular disease. Peripheral vascular disease refers to blockage of arteries. Basically, as compared to the arms, low blood pressure in the lower part of legs can be an indicator of a serious health. In the management of leg ulcers, the ABPI forms a fundamental part of the assessment. Accurate assessment is necessary to determine the correct aetiology of the ulcer and exclude those patients with arterial disease for whom compression is dangerous (Stacey et al, 2002). In normal circumstances, the blood pressure in the lower leg area is a bit more than that at the elbow. Where an ABPI is greater than 0.9, it is supposed to be normal and holds no risk of peripheral vascular disease. If the ABPI value is more than 1.3, it is an indicator of severe peripheral vascular disease. If the patient is unable to lie flat, the legs will be elevated to the level of the heart. By elevating the legs, the hydrostatic pressure to the legs is reduced. In order to prevent cross-infection the Doppler probe should be cleaned twice with an alcohol impregnated wipe prior to its use (Kibria et al, 2002). It should be noted that the ABPI should not be undertaken in isolation, but should be used in conjunction with a holistic assessment, and a medical and clinical examination of the limb. Conclusion There is controversy about the circumstances in which an ABPI should not be performed, so more research is required. It has been suggested that an ABPI should not be performed if the patient has a suspected deep vein thrombosis, because there is a risk of emboli; or the patient has cellulitis; or because the procedure would be too painful; or the patient has severe ischemia; or because there is a risk of further tissue damage. Action Plan As an inexperienced learner, I hope to read more about Doppler and ABPI. I believe having an underpinning knowledge in the procedure for taking Doppler blood pressure helps to understand the theory behind the practice. I aim to do more at any given opportunity in terms of, patient anxiety; incorrect positioning of the patient; incorrect size of sphygmomanometer cuff; putting excessive pressure on the blood vessel during the procedure; releasing the sphygmomanometer cuff from the patient too quickly; prolonging inflation of the sphygmomanometer cuff or repeated inflation; and moving the Doppler probe during the procedure.

Vitiated Passion :: essays research papers

Vitiated Passion Throughout the world many people search for their perfect companion. In the pursuit of their soul mate, they face the possibility of choosing the wrong person. This can result in a destructive relationship not only for the couple, but for their offspring as well. In Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights, readers follow the story of two families and the trials they faced as a result of calamitous relationships between children and their parents, spouses, and within themselves. Parents who don’t care at all, care very little, or lack any sense of sympathy are a reoccurring element in Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff joining the Earnshaw family caused Mr. Earnshaw to neglect his son Hindley. Which completely disassociated father and son. This separation lasted until the death of Mr. Earnshaw and continued to affect Hindley, even when it came to his relationship with Hareton. Hindley became such a drunken gambler that he couldn’t connect with or care for his son, leaving that care eventually to Heathcliff, who also had a son. Linton and Heathcliff’s relationship was in such ruin that Heathcliff’s only interest in his son was to fulfill his desire of revenge against the Linton and Earnshaw families. Linton proves his father’s oppression when saying, â€Å"†¦my father threatened me, and I dread him! I dread him!† The detachment and enmity expressed in this novel show that callous parents may instigate severe damage in the relationships they share with their children. This psychological damage can then ultimately carry on for the duration of each child’s life. When finding that perfect someone, it is common to miss the truth hidden behind the faà §ade a person portrays. If one marries into a relationship where the depth of understanding shared between the two persons is limited, they risk further emotional and relational destruction. Isabella married Heathcliff seeing him as a gentleman—finding out too late that his true demeanor was that of a brute. She proclaimed her discovery when saying in a letter, â€Å"Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan’t tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what have I married†¦?† The relationship shared between Isabella and Heathcliff carried little knowledge of the other person and ultimately damaged each person. Similarly, Catherine married Edgar with a desire to please herself through stability. She knew him very little, but was content in knowing he cared for her, had a house, and would provide ample support of her throughout her life.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essa

Atticus once said You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them - Examine characters and relationships in to kill a mockingbird, in order to illustrate this maxim! TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD Atticus once said "You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them" Examine characters and relationships in to kill a mockingbird, in order to illustrate this maxim! I think Atticus is trying to say that you never really know a man until you step in his shoes and do what he does. In the story there are different relationships where characters do this. I think the biggest relationship showing this is between brother and sister, Jem and Scout Finch. Through out the whole story they will be together doing things like playing with each other, helping each other and exploring things with each other etc. Even on the first page when they are talking to each other about the events leading up to Jem's broken elbow to the last page where Scout is watching over Jem who is in bed after his broken arm, they are always together even if it is Jem watching over Scout at school or Scout helping Jem think of plans. There are lots of examples in to kill a mockingbird where Jem and Scout are together. The first real time Jem and Scout are together is when they meet Charles Baker Harris and they start talking about reading. "How old are you" asked Jem, "Four-and-a-half?" "Going on seven" "Shoot no wonder, then" said Jem, jerking his thumb at me. "Scout yonder has been reading ever since she was born, and she aint even started to school yet" Here Jem is showing Scout off and showing how proud that his sister has not started school yet but she can read. When Charles B... ...ything. That night Mr Cunningham and his crew come wanting to hurt Tom but luckily for Tom, Atticus is there and Scout manages to talk to Mr Cunningham and get them to leave. When the trial comes Atticus tries his hardest to prove Tom is innocent. He tries different way's and one is when he tells Bob Ewell to write some thing which he does then Atticus asks which side of the face did Mayella get hit on. Atticus makes it so that he catches out Bob. Atticus then asks Tom to come up and asks him to pickup a glass fully knowing he can't. This shows signs that it was not Tom who committed the rape but someone else. Even though Atticus proves this the Jury still finds Tom guilty of rape obviously because he is black and Bob Ewell is white. I think these are the main relationships in to kill a mockingbird, but there are also more but which are no way near as big.

The Articles of Confederation :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States. The Articles took place from March 1, 1781 to June 21, 1788. At the time of the American Revolution, the Articles were written by a committee of the Second Continental Congress. John Dickson was the head of the committee. He presented a report on the proposed articles to the Congress on July 12, 1776. He wanted a strong central government, control over the western lands, equal representation for the states, and the power to levy taxes. A powerful central government was feared by the thirteen states.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Dickson’s articles were drastically changed before they sent them to all the states for ratification. The Continental Congress had been careful to give the states as much independence as possible and to specify the limited functions of the federal government. Many years passed before the states ratified the articles. Disagreements were made over boundary lines. Decisions were made by state courts, on differing tariff laws, and trade restrictions between the states. The small states wanted equal representation with the large states in Congress, and the large states were afraid they would have to pay an excessive amount of money to support the federal government. The states continued to disagree over control of the western territories. The states wanted the government to control the sale of these territories so that all the states profited. The bordering states wanted to control as much land as they could. The states eventually agreed to give control of all western lands to the federal government, paving the way for final ratification of the articles on March 1, 1781.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The articles created a loose confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to a central government. The national government consisted of a single house of Congress, where each state would have to vote. Out of thirteen states, three would have to give consent so the Congress could borrow money as well as declare war and enter into treaties and alliances with foreign nations. The federal government had no judicial authority and Congress only had the judicial authority to arbitrate between states. The Congress denied the power to levy taxes. The new federal government was financed by donations from the states based on the value of each state’s lands. Any amendment to the articles required the unanimous approval of all 13 states.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Second Continental Congress wanted to limit the power of the central government so

Patient Advocacy: Concept Analysis Essay

Nursing is a challenging, rewarding and exciting career. The nurse’s role is not limited to changing bandages, giving needles and offering support, as the past has indicated. The role of the modern nurse is one of advocate, caregiver, teacher, researcher, counselor, and case manager. The caregiver role includes those activities that assist the client physically and psychologically while preserving the client’s dignity (Kozier, Erb, & Blais, 1997, p.129). In order for a nurse to be an effective caregiver, the patient must be treated as whole. Patient advocacy is another role that the modern nurse assumes when providing quality care. Advocacy is defined as the active support of an important cause, supporting others to act for themselves or speaking on behalf of those who cannot speak for themselves. Literature Review There is significant information written in the nursing literature about patient advocacy; however, not all that has been written is in the form of empirical evidence (Schroeter, June 2000). Concept analysis is a method of inquiry that produces a clearer meaning of words. Beth Rogers (2000) believes that concept analysis is the foundation for expanding nursing knowledge and developing nursing theory. The concept of patient advocacy has been referenced and studied in many articles because the definitions and principles of advocacy been loosely defined, leading to ambiguous interpretations (Bennett, 1999). The perioperative nurse’s role as a patient advocate has been described as: to inform patients of their rights in a particular situation, to support patients in decision they makes, and to intercede when there is a need to protect the patient’s rights (AORN, 2003). Client advocacy is the application of skills, information, resources and action to speak out in favor of causes, ideas, or decisions to preserve and improve the quality of life for those who cannot effectively speak for themselves. Tyson (1999, p 64) defines patient advocacy as â€Å"the act of educating and supporting clients so they can make the best decisions possible for themselves. Nurses frequently encounter clients that feel  powerless, vulnerable to assert their own rights. The role of client advocate is there to protect the rights of clients. Advocacy has become a concept in nursing practice that is misunderstood and often overlooked by nurses practicing in the role of the caregiver. Professional registered nurses have a duty to protect their patients and have an ethical obligation to act in any instance in which patients may be in danger. The aim of this analysis is to explore operational definitions of the theoretical concept of advocacy in the perioperative setting. Attributes Advocacy is a contemporary nursing issue comprising three essential attributes, respect for patient value, education of patients, and respect for patients’ individuality. During the perioperative period there are several events that will necessitate the nurse acting on behalf of the patient because his/her altered state of consciousness during the procedure (AORN, 2003). Events such as: lack of respect for modesty and dignity during the procedure, inadequate or inaccurate consents for surgery, incompetent care providers and surgeons, compliance with do-not-resuscitate orders during the operative period (AORN, 2003). The nurses’ role as advocate is to facilitate, encourage or to enable patients to be involved in all aspects of their healthcare even when unable to do so. Cases Model Case One of the responsibilities of the perioperative nurse is to ensure all foreign items have been removed from the wound prior to closure of the incision. If there is a missing item, the RN is to take steps to prevent closure of the wound prior to the item being located or initiate steps to obtain an x-ray to locate the item in the wound if needed. Some surgeons continue to close the wound while there is a search for the item. Acting as a patient advocate, this may require that the RN refuse to provide additional sutures until the item is found. This action may prompt an  unpleasant response from the surgeon, yet the nurse still takes the action as an advocate to prevent patient harm during the post-op period. Borderline Case A pediatric patient’s parents have adamantly refused the use of blood products during the procedure. The cardiac procedure is notorious for intra-operative bleeding. During the procedure the parents have to rely on the intervention of healthcare professionals to respect his wishes even if the outcome is poor. The surgeon is aware of this, as is the nursing and operating room staff. However, once the patient is under anesthetic, the surgeon states he will use blood products. The nurse refuses to support the surgeon’s decision to go against the wishes of the patient’s parents. Although the nurse disagrees with the parents, he/she has to comply with their wishes. Related Case Situations of coercion may occur in the OR environment because of poor communication and time constraints. An example: the patient changes his or her mind regarding surgery and surgical team members attempt to eliminate these concerns with the patient. The surgeon tries to answer questions of the patient and attempts to convince the patient to undergo surgery. â€Å"If the patient is on the OR bed with all the team members around, it may be considered a coercive situation† (Schroeter, June 2000). To advocate for the patient the nurse should have the patient sit up to converse with everyone at the same level. Illegitimate Case An elderly female patient arrives to the operating room for a hip fracture repair. The patient’s chart contains the appropriate documentation for do-not-resuscitate orders. The patient verbally expressed the desire for these orders to be followed during the operative period. After induction of anesthesia the anesthesiologist intubates the patient. During the procedure  the surgeon and anesthesiologist discuss leaving the patient intubated until she gets stronger. The nurse calls the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and provides the staff with ventilator orders. Antecedents Antecedents are events that must occur before the concept (Walker and Avant, 1995). Advocacy for surgical patients has two preceding events. First there is the circumstance of vulnerability where simply being a patient is to be vulnerable. The patient in his or her susceptible state might be facing conflict or in a situation that requires a decision. Other antecedents include a willing and motivated nurse to take on the responsibility for patient advocacy. Advocacy for patient rights promotes provider accountability and motivates the nurse to be proactive in educating patients and upholding patient rights regardless of the consequences. Patient advocacy is applicable to the perioperative practice environment, for it is during this time that patients experience extreme vulnerability because they often are sedated or anesthetized (Schroeter, June 2000). Consequences The consequences of acting as a patient advocate can be potentially negative or positive for patient and nurse. As a result of nurse advocacy the patient will benefit because increased knowledge regarding his or her health care choices. Knowledge should reduce the fear and anxiety patients experience because of fear of the unknown. Because the nurse has demonstrated integrity and willingness to protect the patient, there is an increased sense of trust and feelings of security for the patient during the perioperative experience. Perioperative nurses work closely, and often for long hours, with surgeons and surgical technologists as members of the surgical team. Many peri-operative nurses acknowledge that their role is to advocate for patients; but they may not have the administrative power to achieve this goal (Schroeter, June 2000). Nurses acting in the patients’ interest may experience negative feedback from colleagues if the advocacy requires the  nurse to go against a team member or physician order. Speaking up when an event happens that violates a patient’s rights may leave the nurse fearing they may lose their jobs, be harassed by others, be disciplined at work, or even sued in a court of law. Proposition statement Patient advocacy is a part of the Patient’s Bill of Rights put forth by the American Hospital Association (AHA). This document states that â€Å"activities must be conducted with an overriding concern for the patient and recognizes his/her dignity as a human being.† There are in fact many perioperative practices that involve ethics and advocacy, such as lack of respect for the patient’s dignity, inadequate consents, do-not-resuscitate orders, withholding information or blatant lying to patients and incompetent healthcare providers. The perioperative nurse is obligated to provide a care environment that supports the patient’s self- governance, personal safety and security, and dignity regardless of the values of the provider. Kathy Schroeter (2000) defines advocacy as part of the patient’s rights when seeking the services of health care. Many patients are anesthetized during operative procedure. This leaves them vulnerable and at the mercy of the providers performing the procedure. The peri-operative nurse should respond and act in the patient’s stead according to the patient’s wishes to prevent harm, injury, or unwanted procedures performed even if the nurse believes the care would be beneficial to the patient. Conclusion Advocacy is not as some people suspect: it is about making decisions for patients or acting ‘in loco parentis’. It is about ensuring that no one overrides the needs, rights and humanity of patients. Many perioperative practice issues involve ethics and advocacy. Advocacy is very applicable to the perioperative practice environment because it is during the surgical experience that the sedated or anesthetized patient is most vulnerable.  Nurses develop relationships with patients that put them in a position of trust and they are often the first to identify a patient’s ethical concerns. Individually, each of the attributes is a helping strategy used in nursing: only when all three attributes are present can advocacy be appreciated by the patient and the nurse. References AORN, Inc. (2003), ANA code for nurses with interpretive statements–explications for perioperative nursing, in standards, recommended practices, and guidelines. Denver, CO: AORN, Inc. Avant, K. & Allen Abbot ,C. (2000). Wilsonian concept analysis: applying the technique. Concept Development in Nursing (2nd ed ), chapter 5. Retrieved June 17, 2005 from University of Phoenix Nursing 513 eResource on the World Wide Web: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp. Avant, K. (2000). The Wilson method of concept analysis. Concept Development in Nursing (2nd ed) chapter 4. Retrieved June 17, 2005 from University of Phoenix Nursing 513 eResource on the World Wide Web: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp. Bennett, O. (1999). Advocacy in nursing. Retrieved on June 16, 2005 from http://www.nursing-standard.co.uk/archives/ns/vol14 11/v14w11p4041.pdf#search=’define%20patient%20advocacy’ Beyea, S.C. (2005). Patient advocacy–nurses keeping patients safe. Retrieved June 16, 2005 from University of Phoenix Library on the World Wide Web: http://web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/458/248/64857036w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A132841335&dyn=3!xrn_3_0_A132841335?sw_aep=uphoenix. Kozier, B., Erb, G. & Blais, K. (1997), Professional nursing practice (3rd edition), Don Mills: Addison-Wesley. Meleis A (1991) Theoretical Nursing: Development and Progress. Second edition. New York, NY, JB Lippincott. Rogers, B. (2000). Concept Development in Nursing, 2nd edition Retrieved June 17, 2005 from University of Phoenix Nursing 513 eResource on the World Wide Web: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp. Schroeter K. (May 1999). Ethical perception and resulting action in perioperative nurses. AORN Journal, 69, 991-1002. Schroeter, K. (June 2000). Advocacy in perioperative nursing practice. AORN Journal, 71, 1207-1222. Schroeter, K. (May, 2002). Ethics in perioperative practice–patient advocacy. AORN Journa, 75, 94l Tyson, S. R. (1999), Gerontological nursing care, Toronto: W.B. Saunders Company. Walker L, Avant K (1995) Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing. Third edition. Connecticut, CT, Appleton-Lange.

Argumentative Speech Essay

Argumentative Speech Freedom of Speech We all know what the general meaning of freedom of speech is. But let me tell you a deeper meaning of freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is the right, guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, to express beliefs and ideas without unwarranted government restriction. Speech is built in to our lives as a way to communicate with others. That’s why I believe everyone has the freedom and right to speak. Some nations still restrict the people’s right to speak. One of them is North Korea. North Korea is one of the 5 remaining countries that adopt the communist ideology. According to Wikipedia, anybody in North Korea who tries to speak to the public about the government will be sent to labor camps and be forced to work there. Worst case scenario, they get executed. North Korea is not the only country who does this. Myanmar, Nepal, and the rest of the communist countries do this as well. I believe this has to stop for all humans have the same rights and none of us are superior to anyone. It’s also a matter of honoring human rights. There has to be steps taken to ensure that freedom of speech is available to everyone. The first major movement in freedom of rights is the creation of the First Amendment. According to Wikipedia, the First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. It was adopted on December 15 1791 as one of the Ten Amendments. I believe that from that point on, freedom of speech has been more widespread and movements like that make the world a better place. Democratic countries are the perfect examples of a country that honors the freedom of speech. In a democratic country, the people are the rulers, and the freedom of speech is used by the people to make the country better. The freedom of speech has a significant impact in our social life. For example, without the freedom of speech, we wouldn’t be able to object to something that the people think doesn’t seem right. A few months ago, the workers in Jakarta asked for a minimum wage increase because of rising prices on goods. The workers are using their freedom of speech to express their thoughts to the government. The government finally increased the minimum wages. Another example is without freedom of speech, the government would control the people. The government would make rules that doesn’t honor human rights, like North Korea. I’m sure no one wants that to happen. Some might argue that there should be huge limits on freedom of speech. That freedom of speech should be limited to our society only and that freedom of speech does not cover the right to speak about the government. But think about it, if freedom of speech is limited, we won’t be able to change rules that are made by the government. We won’t be able to change what’s wrong with the rules. A good example is the US right now. Recently the US has been discovered to spy on US citizens and other countries through the internet. This was revealed by somebody who works inside that government. If freedom of speech didn’t exist, the US citizens would have never known that their government was spying on them. But because freedom of speech exists, we are able to know. Countries shouldn’t be able to limit our freedom to speech. We know now how important freedom of speech is. How crucial it is for every one of us. We all have the right to know, we all have the right to tell. We all have the right to protest if something is wrong in the government. We might feel offended by something someone says. We might also offend someone by something we say. But the world has decided that freedom of speech is important, and it has been shown by the creation of the First Amendment. No one should be able to restrict our minds and restrict our rights to speech. There has to be steps taken to ensure our freedom to speech. So far it has been good, but we need more progress. We need to speak out our thoughts. So far the US has been the country that pushes freedom of speech the most. We all have to follow their example and push the rights to speech. I wouldn’t even be talking here if freedom of speech didn’t exist.

Intergovernmental Organisations Essay

a) Explain how membership of intergovernmental organisations gives some countries political and economic power. (10) Being a member of intergovernmental organisations does give some countries political and economic power. Like figure 4 shows, the USA is part of many intergovernmental organisations and they have the status of a superpower showing there are clear benefits of being a part of IGOs. However, some may argue that countries such as China and India are rising in both political and economic power yet like figure 4 shows, they are barely part of the leading IGOs. Therefore, membership of intergovernmental organisations does give some countries political and economic benefits but there is evidence to show that not being apart of an IGO still allows for development in a countries wealth and political stance. Economically, being a part of the World Trade Organisation like many leading superpowers are (for example, the UK and the USA) does allow for these leading countries to have influence in trade decisions. This means that they can benefit economic decisions to suit themselves. For example, the USA can exploit LDC’s such as Bangladesh by taking more imports for a less expensive price. Furthermore, being a member of the International Monetary Fund means that countries have the voting power to influence the economic policies of other countries. Thus these countries can create friendly policies towards TNCs that are based in their own country, greatly benefiting their own wealth. Additionally, being apart of the EU and NATO in which many of the countries that are part of many IGOs are part of have trade blocs which can cater for the protection of key markets and still help intraregional trade. Therefore it does seem that economic power of a country does improve with the help of being a part of IGOs such as the World Trade Organisation.

I, Icarus

I, Icarus by Alden Nowlan Dreams are the perfect worlds for all of us for dreams give us the chances to possess the goals we are craving for that we might not be able to have in reality. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a famous German writer, artist, and politician, expresses his perspective about dreams: â€Å"Dream no small dreams for they have no power to move hearts of men†. Through â€Å"I, Icarus†- one of the poems in the collection Bread, Wine and Salt by Alden Nowlan, we readers will get to know his childhood’s vivid dream.Alden Nowlan produces a striking effect that leaves deep impressions in readers’ minds right at the beginning of the poem with its title â€Å"I, Icarus†. As to my understanding, the title refers to Greek myth which is about Icarus- the son of the master craftsman. Icarus’s father constructed two pairs of wings from feathers and wax for the purpose of escaping Crete, and also warned him not to fly too close to the sun. Ignoring his father’s caution, Icarus attempted to reach the sun, which resulted the wax to melt and cost him his own life.Through the title’s allusion and Nowlan’s act of putting â€Å"I† in front of the name â€Å"Icarus†, readers get some hints that this poem might be another story of catastrophic fall caused by over-ambition. After a few first times reading â€Å"I, Icarus†, readers might superficially interpret the meaning to be about a flying dream, yet if we dig deeper, we will be able to comprehend the yearning to reach a superior dimension of Nowland. As a matter of fact, Alden Nowland was born in a small village in Nova Scotia; the constrictions had influenced him to foster the dream of breaking free to seek his own prospects.Nowland reflects back to his childhood and imagines he was flying beyond all the restrictions that had been confining him. Even though fictional elements play the main role in the whole poem, Nowland’s detailed description and firm assertion â€Å"There was a time when I could fly. I swear it. â€Å"(1), â€Å"I rose slowly†¦toward the window† (9-12) have thoroughly convinced readers that he could really fly. The metaphorical and imagery has been utilized intriguingly as an analogy to represent the country life of Nowland’s childhood.Like a gentle sheep, Nowland is penned inside the boundary of the â€Å"pasture fence† (13); â€Å"the music of flutes† (16) is played by the shepherd to lure and tell him to be satisfied with this confinement. On the other hand, the sheep himself is eager to go on an adventure to explore the mysterious space behind â€Å"the dark, the haunted trees† (14), thus wishes it could fly to float â€Å"beyond the pasture† (15). To another extent, the imagery of the countryside does not only indicate feelings of confinement, but also evokes senses of peace and secure.Even though Nowland – the â€Å"shee p† – has the feelings of being restricted by the constrictions of this small town, it still brings back to him safety that protects him from the perils behind â€Å"the dark, the haunted trees† (14). Standing outside Nature, enjoying the harmonious melodies of an Aeolian harp – â€Å"the music of the flutes† that â€Å"the wind made† (16- 17) falling in line together with â€Å"voices singing†, Nowland becomes intimate with Nature and his beloved hometown.In brief, â€Å"I, Icarus† has reflected successfully Nowland’s complex emotions and currents of thoughts; he cherishes his great ambitions to escape from restrictions and explore a whole new world outside, yet still be attached to his familiar homeland which provides him extreme protections and harmony. Relating the context of the whole poem to its own title â€Å"I, Icarus†, readers now realize that it’s not a story about Nowland’s catastrophic fal l as Icarus, but his wonders whether he should be a risk-taker to pursue his dream of reaching the sun or live a peaceful and ordinary life.

Sociology Finance Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology Finance Project - Term Paper Example I learned what I was spending my money on. Now that I know what I am spending money on I can take corrective actions in order to lower my expenses and begin to have a budget in which each month I obtain a surplus of money. During the last two months I have kept track of my monthly expenses. I categorized my monthly expenses in the following 13 accounts: gasoline, food home, fast food, snacks & candy, school supplies, rent, utilities, insurance, hygiene products, entertainment, clothing, miscellaneous, and cellular. The average monthly expenses for the last two month are illustrated in the budget below. My monthly expenses during the last two months amount to $1300 a month. Currently my income sources to pay for those expenses are a part time job, family contributions, and money left over from a scholarship and student loans. I was amazed to find out that I spend that much money each month on my living expenses. Since I did not keep track of my expenses in the past I was never able to save money. My largest expense account is my monthly rent. In reality despite the fact that I pay $275 a month I consider that my rent expense is low in comparison with other housing options available in my region. The second largest expense I have is my utility bills which consist of electricity, water, internet, and cable. I am currently paying $225 on utilities. Food is also a major expense in my life. I subdivided my food expenses into three categories: home food, fast food, snacks & candy. I spend each month $126 on home food, $107 on fast food, and $25 on snacks & candy. The total monthly expenditure on gasoline during the last two months was $123. My entertainment expense amount to $86 a month. Some of the things that I do for entertainment are going to the movies, playing miniature golf, and playing video games at the arcade. Since I usually buy most of my clothes during Christmas season my monthly expense on clothing was only $62 a month. I do not have

Reading and Writing Skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reading and Writing Skill - Essay Example The author Jiayan NI wrote all the articles. Analysis of "sense and sensibility" Jane Austin-Question 1 We see two fundamental aims of moral psychology or moral philosophy. Many hold values that they often claim to be sacred. Life in most religions and in many ethical systems hold that "life" is held scared. Tetlocks in 1986 said that concept of value pluralism that "life", can hold a value of pluralism. The world in general, does not allow human beings to hold a single principle as sacred. Instead, "life" is full of difficult choices that demand that we balance one value against another. In the case of" sense and sensibility," Jane Austin shows the value of money over love and love over money (Tetlock, 1986). This considered as a cause and effect analysis. The movie keeps the attention of the audience through the representation of the heroin. Jiayan NI does not explore the moral psychology or moral philosophy of the argument. Analysis of glamour plot "pride and prejudice"-Question 2 This is another classic love story in American Literature by Jane Austin. Psychologists have found that implicit attitudes are a predictor for certain human behaviour. Implicitly there are stereotypes predicted through discrimination against female's job applicants as shown in the Rudman and Boride study done in 1995 (Rudman, 1995). Another study done by Rudman and Glick in 2001 found that study participants who help strongly imply that attitudes connecting women with communal traits are common for the example women being more helpful while men are more agnostic (Rudman, 2001). Researchers have noted a societal shift over the last few decades from old-fashion racism to modern racism. Old fashion racism is explicit and often accompanied by hostility. Implicit attitudes are more likely to occur when decision makers are using implicit attitudes instead of thinking. This also indicates that themes are most often the most explored ideas in literary work. There seems to continue a theme of love, reputation, and class. Motifs in a novel are a literary structure that continues to show up in the writings. Jane Austin shows this in the writing of the courtship between Darcy and Elizabeth and Bingley and Jane. Nearly every scene in the novel takes place indoors. This is significant, the reason that changes the scenes. Austin uses argument and persuasion through-out the read. NI states in the blog that in18th century histories that it was traditional to focus on marrying their children to the rich. We may know this tactic as traditional rhetoric to refer to this piece as means to persuade the reading audience (Sharkey, 2004). Social Journal in-The Sydney Morning Herald-Question 3 Related to society and culture in an Australian newspaper, this article appears in the paper to uncover different viewpoints and issues that appear in our society and the culture. This Analysis's is the presentation of facts as the author Jiayan NI sees them. NI uses a combination of deductive a nd inductive or formal and informal reasoning in the articles that he writes for the paper. Inductive and deductive reasoning gives the reason why he holds a particular view. Ni uses examples to his pieces that logically serve to lead to his paragraphs that contain explanations, comparisons, definitions and descriptions of the subject he is writing about (Sharkey, 2004). Carbon Tax in the Sydney newspaper-Question 4 Reported in the Sydney paper on May 16, 2011, the issue of Carbon Tax seems to be a hot topic. This case of carbon tax as written by NI contains logical fallacies. Fallacy in his case is often a minor one. However, NI assumes this tax will lead to the loss of jobs. Through this assumption, he believes that it will lend

The influence of Jesus in Contemporary education system Essay

The influence of Jesus in Contemporary education system - Essay Example Impress these commands upon your children. Talk about them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road, when you lie down and when you get up." (1). The life and principles of Jesus and the theories of his followers has a great impact in every field of the society particularly in education system. The schooling and education system moulds a child in his/her earliest stage to live in the present stage as a good human being .For this the education system has to adopt various principles which may help to guide the students in order to live with dignity in this world. The importance of principles of Jesus Christ and its adoption in the education system lies here. In this context let’s explore the influence of the Jesus in the contemporary education system.... In this environment our children are being trained according to God's purpose on earth with concentric vision of how to accomplish this purpose. They, as vital parts of the community, are being prepared to attain to the highest goal possible in this life - to enter the kingdom of heaven."The life and principles of Jesus always enrooted in "morality". Now let's discuss the aspect of this principle in the modern education system. Moral education (character education) The issue of moral education raises many questions for contemporary teachers. They always face a number of question regarding the moral education of students, for e.g., the question regarding 1. Whose morality should be the standard 2. What values should be stressed, 3. How would education of this sort be approached and 4. Should moral education be a matter of content or an exercise in moral reflectionTime-honored pedagogical methods often contain valuable insights for contemporary education. Jesuit schools, which are emerged between the 16th and 19th3 centuries, in Europe in their tradition of theatre, have adopted such method. Theatre in Jesuit schools created an aesthetic environment in which students could both ponder their relationship to the world, and evaluate the consequences of human action Jesuit schoolsThe Society of Jesus, commonly known as